Diabetes

Millions of people have diabetes mellitus, commonly called diabetes. It is a serious disease and should not be ignored — but with correct treatment, most people who have it can live long, healthy and active lives. This article explains what diabetes is, the main types, the warning signs to watch for, and the everyday steps that help keep it under control.

This article is for general education only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you think you may have diabetes, or you have been diagnosed with it, work closely with a qualified healthcare professional.

What Is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot properly make or use insulin, the hormone that helps move sugar (glucose) from the blood into the body's cells for energy. When insulin is missing or doesn't work well, glucose builds up in the blood instead of fueling the body. Over time, high blood sugar can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels.

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes usually appears in children and young adults, though it can develop at any age. In type 1, the body makes little or no insulin, so daily insulin is required to live. Warning signs often come on quickly and may include:

Frequent urination and unusual thirst
Extreme hunger together with weight loss
Fatigue and irritability
Blurred vision

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 is the most common form. It usually develops after age 45, but it is increasingly seen in younger people. Risk is higher for those with a family history of diabetes, who are overweight, who are physically inactive, or who have cholesterol problems. In type 2 the body still makes insulin but cannot use it well. Treatment may include healthy eating and exercise, oral medication, and sometimes insulin.

Controlling Your Diabetes

The goal of treatment is to keep blood sugar as close to normal as safely possible. For many people that means checking blood glucose regularly with a meter and test strips, and keeping a simple record of the results to share with a healthcare provider. Good control greatly lowers the risk of long-term complications affecting the eyes (retinopathy), kidneys, nerves and heart.

Warning: Low Blood Sugar

People treated with insulin or certain medicines can develop low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Signs include shakiness, sweating, sudden hunger, confusion and irritability. Low blood sugar should be treated promptly with a fast-acting source of sugar; talk with your healthcare provider about how to recognize and prevent it.

Diet and Diabetes

A well-balanced eating plan is central to managing diabetes. General principles include eating regular, balanced meals, choosing a variety of foods, watching portion sizes, and limiting saturated fat and cholesterol. Artificial sweeteners used in moderation generally do not raise blood sugar. A registered dietitian can help build a plan that fits your tastes and needs — see our Nutrition Basics article for the foundations of healthy eating.

Exercise

Physical activity helps lower blood sugar and improves overall health. Even regular walking can make a real difference. Because exercise affects blood sugar, check with your healthcare provider before starting a new program, especially if you take insulin or other glucose-lowering medicines.

Authoritative Resources

For more information about diabetes, consult these trusted organizations:

Related reading in our library: Understanding High Blood Pressure, Lowering High Blood Cholesterol, and Eating for a Healthy Heart. Return to the health article index.